Although the exact mechanism of how acupuncture works is still being researched, there are seven theories as to how acupuncture works.

Augmentation of Immunity Theory:  This theory states that acupuncture raises the levels of antibodies, white blood cells, certain hormones, immunoglobulin, and other chemicals that relate to the body’s ability to defend itself against foreign invaders through response to the needle insertion into the skin.  This theory explains why acupuncture has been shown to boost the immune system.

Circulatory Theory:  Needling can lead to the constriction or dilation of blood vessels by the bodies release of vasodilators, like histamine.  This often results in a red bump at the insertion site.  Systemic vascular effects of needle insertion are one possible mechanism for how acupuncture can treat high or low blood pressure.

Neurotransmitter Theory:  Acupuncture affects levels of certain neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and nor epinephrine, in areas of the brain that control arousal degrees.  This can possibly produce calming effects during and after treatment and influence the release of hormones.

Electrical Theory:  The body is influenced by, and generates, electromagnetic fields.  The body constantly is creating electrical signals through the nervous system that control cell growth, development, and function.  Research has generated evidence showing that electromagnetic fields of the body and the meridians associated with acupuncture are related.  Acupuncture points are often located in areas of low electrical resistance, so needling can stimulate the electrical fields of the body and alter neurotransmitters in the body.

Endorphin Theory:  This theory explains acupuncture’s analgesic effects.  The body naturally produces painkillers called “endorphins” (endogenous morphine).  Needling certain points can stimulate the release of endorphins, thereby relieving pain.

Gate Theory:  Perhaps the most scientifically accepted theory, Gate Theory is based on the findings of the researchers Ronald Melzack (a Canadian psychologist) and Patrick David Wall (a British physician) in 1962.  Their theory states that stimulation of sensory pathways (large fibers) inhibits the activity of pain pathways and reduces the perception of pain.  A chronic lack of sensory stimulation can leave the “gate” open for chronic pain problems.  Acupuncture works on the large fibers to prevent the transmission of pain signals.  Thus, the “gate” is closed, and pain signals are kept from the brain.

Placebo Theory:  Placebo Theory is a very popular explanation on why acupuncture works as much of its theory is based on meridians that are invisible and do not correspond with any known biological pathways.  Every treatment known to man produces some placebo effect as the healing power of the mind is very powerful.  However, this theory has been disproved by the effective use of acupuncture on babies and animals.